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The Hranicky M.D. Cancer ​Protocol

“ Reignite Your Spark &

Accelerate Your Healing Potential "


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To Begin Video Series

To Begin PowerPoint Series

In Alliance With

Brain Technology Concept

The American Health Institute, Inc.

Janet Hranicky, MD.,Ph.D.

BioEnergy

FIELDS FOUNDATION

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PowerPoint Series

22. Mastery of Emotion

Regulation for Health & Longevity

23. Simonton Cancer Center’s Renowned New Patient Program

24. Pioneering Work of O. Carl Simonton, M.D., Radiation Oncologist:

“Stress, Psychological Factors, and Cancer”

25. ABC's of Emotion: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach & Your Decision to Get Well

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For 22-25

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Traditional medicine views health as the absence of disease.

Energy medicine - or electrical medicine - sees health at one end of the spectrum and disease at the other, with most patients poised somewhere between the two.

For example, fatigue and insomnia are not diseases, yet are certainly not associated with good health.

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Energy Medicine

Energy medicine seeks to evaluate the energy of the cells, organs, and glands within the body. Are the cells producing enough energy? Are the cells able to store the energy that

is created through oxidative phosphorylation?

The human body is an orchestra, and the organs and glands are the instruments. While some instruments are in tune, others are not. For the symphony to delight, all instruments must be properly tuned and synchronized.

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Most symptoms are the body’s way of trying to rid itself of toxins, and they are an effort to regain

homeostasis and balance.

Therefore, most disease should be treated not by suppressing the body’s defense mechanisms, but by cooperating with

these symptoms.

Your mind has the power and ability to cure any

disease in the body.

Most people are unaware of this fact, and

unknowingly use the mind to create illness.

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Modern physics has determined that matter and energy are integrated, and that matter can be seen as a denser form of energy.

Vital to the understanding of futuristic medical therapies is the view of the physical body as an energy system; a system that is composed of wave forms, or oscillations, at various frequencies.

Consequently, imbalance and disease of the physical

body are a result of the disturbances in the energy field

of a particular organ system.

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Illness develops in a definite sequence.

Initially, there is dysfunction at an energetic or cellular level, which is an event detectable by BioEnergetic technology. This is followed by abnormalities on a biochemical level, which is detectable by blood testing. Ultimately, alternations in the tissues and organs will appear as abnormalities (apparent on x-rays ) or through cytological testing (biopsies).

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BioEnergetics address the cellular, or energetic level, long before deeper damage takes place.

This is truly preventive healthcare.

However, the exact mechanism of how and when these BioEnergetic changes result in physical disease is not yet clearly or accurately predictable. Factors may depend on one’s toxic load, constitutional/genetic factors, nutritional balance, and most importantly - mental/emotional state.

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New holistic perspectives encourage us to examine our habits, life-style, belief systems, and attitudes. Most people fail to create a truly healthy life-style; instead, they may follow patterns which are not harmonious with true health.

BioEnergetics ​endeavors to create a ​new awareness of ​health, life-styles, and ​natural, spiritual laws.

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Treating symptoms has nothing to do with healing.

Healing is the process of making the human body

whole again at ALL levels –

Physical Mental Emotional Spiritual

The mind plays a dominant role in health and disease.

Fear, worry, tension, frustration, hate, aggression, and

other negative emotions can render us more susceptible

to illness. At least sixty percent of illness involves a

psychosomatic contributing factor.

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Functional Medicine and Cancer

LET’S START WITH A BASIC PREMISE:

Cancer is a disease of the whole body, while a tumor is just a symptom of the disease. Essentially, you have to treat the whole body, not just treat

the cancerous tumor in an attempt to eradicate it with chemo.

We all have cancer cells in our bodies and that’s important for people to

understand, but it takes roughly a billion cancer cells to progress to the

lump or bump stage. This is why a tumor takes years to develop. When

traditional medicine diagnoses a tumor, whether it be by mammogram,

MRI or a CT scan, whatever the diagnosis:

It is important to understand that you have time. It ​is not necessary to start therapy the next day.

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Spontaneous Remission

We’ve known for years there have been spontaneous remissions in people with cancer… it only makes sense that these are the people who should be studied, yet no one

has looked at these cases at all.


Think about it, if there are spontaneous remissions in

cancer patients, obviously the body has some way of producing something that rids itself of cancer. So the big question is, what can we do to heal cancer naturally?

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We need to teach everyone how to reduce toxicity, which is not taught in traditional medical schools. This is a very crucial step in reducing toxicity in the concept of “Drainage.”

We want to neutralize and eliminate the toxins in the body, and the key organs to do this are the liver, kidneys, and the lymphatic system. For the liver we want everybody to take a fresh lemon every morning, cut it in half, squeeze the juice out of both halves, pour it into 6-8 ounces of water and enjoy. Vegetables must be consumed 2,3,4 times a day. For liver health, eat carrots, beets, zucchini, squash, and artichoke.


We want people to have healthy water. What makes water

healthy? A pH that’s slightly alkaline, and water that is abundant in electrons. Electrons are energy! The water must not be distilled, as distilled water is dead water; it doesn't have any minerals. On the other hand, be cautious of too many added minerals.

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The lymphatic system needs to be stimulated with a trampoline or rebounder; if you are going to a gym, use the elliptical, or jump rope. Bouncing causes the lymphatic system to be stimulated. Deep breathing also helps the lymphatic system.


Colonics can be very helpful. Cancer patients are toxic. You’ve got to have bowel movements every day, so if you’re not - get a colonic.


Skin brushing can be very helpful.

This is all about getting your drainage systems working efficiently. If the ​drainage systems of the liver, kidney, and lymphatics are not open, then ​the process of pulling toxins out of the tissues (detoxification) will further ​stress the patient.

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Detoxification methods include saunas, homeopathy, herbs, juice fasts, and chelation, (pulling heavy metals out of the body). You’re pulling these metals out of the tissues, into the blood and out through the liver, kidney, and lymph system. To do this, I use a lot of intravenous Vitamin C.

Intravenous Vitamin C is used in a couple of different ways. The National Institute of Health (NIH) has proven that intravenous Vitamin C will produce high enough blood levels to actually kill cancer cells.


We frequently use 50,000 milligrams of Vitamin C intravenously over the course of 1 ½ hours. Some people go up to 75,000 or 100,000. If you’re receiving chemotherapy, which also kills cancer cells, then we'll reduce the vitamin C to 25,000 milligrams intravenously. Here, we’re not trying to kill the cancer cell; we’re trying to keep the body as toxin free as possible. You have to remember that when you’re doing chemotherapy, all these dead cancer cells have to go somewhere. They go into the bloodstream and ultimately through the liver, kidney, and lymph filter.

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Keeping the liver as healthy as possible, and as clean as possible, is probably the number one thing you can do for a cancer

patient receiving chemotherapy.

When a patient is undergoing chemotherapy, we do intravenous Vitamin C on the off weeks. We measure Vitamin D level with a blood test. We like to maximize Vitamin D levels with cancer patients in the 70 to 80 range. That usually involves taking at least 6,000 to 10,000 units of Vitamin D every day. We want to stimulate the immune system.


Mistletoe, otherwise known as Iscador, is a powerful anti-cancer treatment which builds up your immune system. A cancer patient’s doctor can fax a request to either Germany or Switzerland, and on that request indicate the type and stage of cancer, and what kind of therapy they’re presently participating in. The manufacturers will then send a Mistletoe protocol to the

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There are other ways to build up the immune system; mushrooms such as MGN3 and AHCC activate the natural killer cells which are one of the keys in stimulating the immune system in its efforts to destroy the cancer cells.

When you receive your lab numbers on natural killer cells, where should they be?


Normally they should be at the high end of the normal range; different labs have different numerical ranges. As for Vitamin D levels in cancer patients, we would ideally like to see them at 70, but they are usually in the 10 to 20 range.

On another note, the Germans have found that zinc supplements interfere with the treatment of cancer. For healthy people zinc is very beneficial, but cancer patients should not supplement with zinc.

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Cancer cells have a protective coating. By giving the patient enzymes, such as WOBENZYME, it allows these enzymes to attack the cancer cells and take off that protective coating. This enables the white blood cells to then zoom in and attack the cancer cells.

We want the enzyme to eat up the cancer debris. They’re kind of like little Pac Men; they get into the blood stream and then eat up the debris, not only from a healthy person’s normal day, but also from a cancer patient who is undergoing chemo or radiation. These therapies will kill many cancer cells. All these dead cells eventually make their way into the blood stream, so eating up that debris makes it easier on the liver/lymph detoxification system.

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This is important to understand as your consciousness represents the upstream informational template that drives all of the other downstream regulatory biochemical and genetic mechanisms that suppress tumor growth and keep the body in a healthy balanced state.

Your beliefs and attitudes are the most protective factor that you have against cancer.

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The speed of healing,

including spontaneous remission, correlates strongest with a person’s beliefs and attitudes -

more than their specific diagnosis and treatment (whether it be traditional or alternatively based).

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Physicians in traditional medicine view cancer as a local disease, in which a generalized illness follows.

Professionals involved in functional or biological medicine and alternative medicine view cancer as a generalized disease of the body.

First comes the illness, and only afterwards the tumor.

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WHAT’S MORE IMPORTANT:

The belief of the patient?

The belief of the doctor?

or

I think it’s the belief of the patient, and as a doctor you must respect that. If the patient believes chemo is going to help them, then most likely it will. The placebo effect works 1/3

of the time; the placebo is basically a belief overriding

biology. I always say to people,

“If you can believe it, if you can see it, you can be it.”

I truly believe the first key is to respect the belief of the

patient.

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Anaerobic metabolism is occurring. So what do you do at this point? You want to limit sugar intake. This is vitally important!

any cancer patient. You must also increase the oxygen supply to the cell.

No sugar for

We know that the more toxic you are, the thicker your blood. All cancer patients have thick blood, so thinning the blood is key. This can be done with garlic, gingko, proteolytic enzymes, and a natural blood thinner called Nattokinase. The thinner the blood (blood should flow like wine

as opposed to ketchup), more nutrients and oxygen can enter the cells.

Exercise is crucial in order to increase tissue oxygenation. In the 1950s,

German biochemist Joanna Budwig discovered that if you combined

cottage cheese with flaxseed oil, (a very specific combination), you could

increase oxygen supply to the cells.

The Budwig diet is a mainstay in a lot of therapies that we will not cover

here, but I encourage you to explore this on the internet and learn more

about this diet.

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Cancer cells are damaged cells that do not contribute

to the wholeness of the body. They feed off the healthy cells, and ultimately drain the body of its resources and energy. As previously mentioned, the standard modern medicine approach to treating cancer is to “kill the bad guys.” Integrative medicine believes in trying to rehabilitate these unhealthy cells first; once again making them a productive part of the body.

Cancer is not the enemy. The enemy is a toxic, weakened body that is energy depleted, allowing the cancer cells to multiply. The next question that we should ask is how do we strengthen the body?

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Consciousness is the agency of change for emotions, which carry charge — the agency of change within matter. The more charge that a unit of matter possesses, the more it can change.

The significance of healthy emotional change is profound

in the vitality of our healing properties. Everything becomes more sluggish and toxins aren’t excreted as efficiently. Waste products are not eliminated as well in the body and weaken cellular health.

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We begin to give up unconsciously about ever getting what we really want. Eventually, we may completely lose awareness of our deep-rooted sense of hopelessness.

Shifting from hopelessness to hope is an attitudinal, behavioral, and emotional process. Internalizing the attitude that “I’m entitled to pleasure,” and “I can get what I want in life,” reinforces this attitude so that my experience of beginning to get my needs met becomes real.

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Expressing more emotional pleasure produces a healthy physiological response. Excitement and hopelessness both affect our physiology. Consistent hopelessness, despair, or chronic distress impacts the central nervous system, which is connected to the other systems of the body. These systems, in turn, influence cell division. Normal cell division is occurring constantly.

But when you have long-term depression of hopelessness, it affects the hormonal, immune, lymph, and drainage systems of the body and creates imbalances in the system.

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The Role of Emotions and Stress in the Development of Cancer and in Altering the Course of Disease

The Use of Visual Imagery to Maximize Recovery

Cognitive Behavioral Applications for Evaluating the Relative Health Value of Beliefs that Correlate with Survival: Emotional Mastery

The 2 Year Health Plan: Incorporating Vital Activities in Your Life and Addressing Issues of Balance and Change as Key Factors to Promote Healing

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Ten Central Tenets of The Simonton Program

1.) Our emotions significantly influence our health and

recovery (which certainly includes cancer).


2.) Our beliefs and attitudes influence our emotions - thereby

influencing our health.


3.) We can significantly influence our beliefs, attitudes and

emotions - which can influence our health.


4.) Ways of influencing our beliefs, attitudes and emotions

can

be readily taught and learned, using a variety of

accessible

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Ten Central Tenets of The Simonton Program

5.) Our emotions are a strong, driving force in our immune system

and other healing systems within our bodies.


6.) We function as physical/mental/emotional/ spiritual beings. All

aspects need to be addressed in the broad context of healing,

with a different focus based on the particular needs and

predispositions of each person, family, community or culture.


7.) Harmony is important to health in the individual, in relationships,

families, cultures, the planet, and the universe.

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Ten Central Tenets of The Simonton Program

8.) We have instinctual (genetic/inherent) tendencies and abilities which

aid us in moving in the direction of health and harmony

(physical/mental/emotional/spiritual).


9.) These instinctual abilities can be developed and amplified in

meaningful

and significant ways through various techniques and methods.


10.) As these instinctual abilities are developed, proficiency improves, as

it

does in any learning skill. The result is greater harmony, improved

quality of life, significant impact on disease and recovery, better

understanding of death, and less pain and fear – which will free your

energy to focus on getting well and living life more fully today.

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Summary of The Program

A major factor in the development of cancer is trying to be who we are not.


A major factor in the cure of cancer is

opening to who we are.

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Integrating EpiGenetics in Psycho-Oncology Treatment

Our perceptions, experience, and behaviors actually

communicate in reverse through the RNA channel to the DNA, and can change gene expression and actually alter

DNA.

The implications for this knowledge are exciting when we can appreciate how, by turning on and off certain genes,

we are allowed access to the library of knowledge on how

to optimize health and longevity.

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Integrating EpiGenetics in Psycho-Oncology Treatment

When we begin to realize that consciousness is not a thing,

but rather the process and potential of constructing

reality, we can appreciate in our animate universe - which includes the very matrix of all our cells - that everything is

consciousness.

Consciousness is the organizing principle for all things. It

determines the arrangement of universal energy into

matter and non-matter, and the arrangement of DNA

information into its various forms

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Dr. Simonton and Dr. Hranicky developed a refined system of teaching a few of the core concepts involved in accessing the power of the mind and emotions, all to

ALTER THE COURSE OF CANCER.

These concepts can be applied to any illness or to anyone wanting to optimize their health or quality of life in general.

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Some of the key tenets of their program are built on enhancing and strengthening key core attitudes that are associated with:

Desirable Outcomes

Longer Term Survival

General Improved States of Well-Being

These include - but are not limited to: Hope

Trust

Spiritual Purpose

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Spiritual Purpose: We all are here for a reason and our life has great meaning.

Trust: Having confidence of Faith.

Hope: To cherish a desire with anticipation without any necessary basis for expecting fulfillment; to expect with confidence.

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Quantum Medicine

• • •

Consciousness is the agency of change for emotions.

Emotions carry charge, and charge is the agency

of change within matter.

The more charge that a unit of matter

possesses, the more it can change.

The significance of healthy emotional change is

profound in the vitality of our healing

properties

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There are two distinct models of treatment for:

Mind/Body Medicine in Cancer Care:

Psychological Intervention Model

The

Coping Model

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The

Coping Model

Focuses On:

•Reducing disease and treatment-related side effects

•(e.g., pain, nausea, muscle tension, anxiety, and depression) •Improving recovery time and reducing pain following

surgical procedures; providing a sense of control and

empowerment; reducing stress, improving mood and

enhancing coping skills, and quality of life.

•There are a variety of techniques and supportive therapies

that a person can use to help direct their energies toward

healing and health.

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The pioneering work that Dr. Hranicky, along with Dr. Simonton, have been leading the last 30 years is based on an “Intervention Model” of Mind/Body Medicine in Cancer Care.

In this model, the mind and emotions are critical factors both in

the development of cancer and in altering the course of disease.

We have learned from Dr. Candace Pert’s research at Johns Hopkins Medical School that there is a mechanism by which the class of chemicals that we address as peptides alter the mind and body. This has led to being able to understanding the way that emotions function as the regulatory system in the body. Neuropeptides are electrochemical emotionally driven signals that affect the chemistry and electricity of every cell in the body. The body’s electrical state is modulated by emotion, changing the world within the body.

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It is regularly observed that people who are diagnosed with cancer have experienced emotional distress in the 16-18 months preceding the diagnosis.

We have concluded that the patterns of depression and hopelessness - typically associated with the stress preceding diagnosis - actually suppresses the body’s immune response and biochemical defense that controls cancer.

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Our natural killer cells (NK cells) will normally target, surround and engulf cancer cells that over-multiply, but, they will never attack white blood cells.

Our “natural surveillance system” is suppressed and our neuroendocrine system is imbalanced when we are depressed or under chronic stress.

In contrast, they are boosted when we are in a state of excitement and well-being.

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Bruce Lipton

: The Biology of Belief

Former medical school professor and research scientist

Dr. Lipton examined processes by which cells receive information, and his findings have radically changed our understanding of life.

He showed in his research, that genes and DNA do not

control our biology, but instead that DNA is controlled by

signals from the outside the cell, including the energetic

messages emanating from our positive and negative

thoughts.

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Cancer results from increased activity of oncogenes and decreased expression of tumors suppressor genes. We now know that the mind and emotions can be very powerful in “turning on” tumor suppressor genes and “turning off” oncogenes to restore healthy and balanced gene expression.

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Emotional Well-Being and Health

In Mind/Body Medicine, the emotional status of an individual is

viewed as important, if not more important, than their physical status.

We know that "how" someone is feeling has everything to do with

their physical prognosis, their energy for healing, their pain level, and

long term survival. In Mind/Body Medicine, emotions are viewed as

revealing the state of consciousness of a person.

Disturbances in the Bio-energy field reflect disturbances in one's

consciousness. These disturbances precede the development of illness.

Changes in consciousness shift the Bio-energy field, which alters the course of disease. Spontaneous remission is related to the changes in

the vibrational frequency of the Bio-Energy Field that occur when

healthy shifts occur in the strength, coherency, and flow of our

emotions.

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Emotional Well-Being and Health

•The growing field of quantum Medicine enables us to look at

the human body as an electrical/electromagnetic system which

is charged and which charges the larger Quantum Field.

Consciousness is the organized carrier of information, and as

each person has their own “personality templates”, each

person has their own unique “Bio-Energy Field Frequency

Pattern.”

•Consciousness is the agency of change for emotions. Emotions

carry charge and charge is the agency of change within matter.

The more charge that a unit of matter possesses, the more it

can change. The significance of healthy emotional change is

profound in the vitality of our healing properties.

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Emotional Pain:

The Greatest Obstacle a

Patient Has in Getting Well 2001

O. Carl Simonton, M.D.

Medical Director of Simonton Cancer Center

Since our instinctual nature is to avoid pain when

the body develops cancer, the psychological

meaning represents not the fact that a person wants to die, but the fact that on an unconscious level they need to get out of the real or imagined (perceived) long-standing pain or danger that they have experienced.

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The Role of Emotions and Stress

Denied hopelessness is the emotional states that most often precedes the development of cancer. We experience hopelessness when we do not get our emotional and psychological needs met over a long period of time. Because deprivation is a painful experience, we learn to protect ourselves by

repressing and denying the pain, anger, and fear that are the real emotions associated with deprivation. We begin to give up unconsciously about ever getting

what we really want. Eventually, we may completely lose awareness of our deep-rooted sense of hopelessness.

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The Role of Emotions and Stress

Shifting from hopelessness to hope is an attitudinal, behavioral, and emotional process. Internalizing the attitude that “I’m entitled to pleasure,” and “I can get what I want in life,” reinforces this attitude so that my experience of beginning to get my needs met becomes real.

Expressing more emotional pleasure produces a healthy physiological response.

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Excitement and Hopelessness

Excitement and hopelessness both affect our physiology. Consistent hopelessness, despair, or chronic distress impacts the central nervous system, which is connected to the other systems of the body. These systems, in turn, influence cell division. Normal cell division is occurring constantly, but when you have long-term depression or hopelessness,

it affects the hormonal, immune, lymph, and drainage systems of the body and creates imbalances in the system. Everything becomes more sluggish and toxins aren’t excreted as efficiently. Waste products are not eliminated as well in the body and weaken cellular health.

The opposite effect is also true. Whatever helps you become more excited about life gets translated at the cellular level. When you’re motivated, it’s as if your whole body has been turned on, and the cells become more alive.

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When a Feeling Connects with a Thought,

an Emotion is Created

The power to change your mind about how you view things gives you the ability to change your emotional state and health. Again, as outlined above, to make changes we must first attach or perceive a different and better meaning to life events. In simple

language: Pick a better thought that gives you more emotional relief and that feels better.

Did you know that about 98-99 percent of

your stress responses are not activated by real

danger but are because you’re in “perceived” danger?

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Perceptions of Danger

Most of our emotional pain, anger, and fear are activated by perceptions that are created through unhealthy learned beliefs and attitudes.

When you’re in a state of emotional pain, anger, or fear that arises from unhealthy beliefs, you’ll stay stuck in one of these danger emotions until you shift your focus or change your belief.

Changing your focus is short-term emotional management. Changing your unhealthy beliefs is long-term emotional management and leads to long-lasting stress management, increased states of emotional well-being, and optimal health!

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The Role of Emotions and Stress

We move away from pleasure and love when we experience and believe that pain in connected to them, and then we get stuck in prolonged pain, anger or fear as a result:

• Danger emotions signal need to change.

•We naturally move towards what we feel.

Pain Anger Fear

Pleasure Love

Pain/Pleasure Connected

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The Role of Emotions and Stress

When we perceive that we

are in emotional or

physical danger, or we

are in emotional

deprivation.

We feel and feel more of

the same when we

experience and expect our need to be satisfied.

Prolonged expectation of danger or deprivation.

Expectation of pleasure and love or needs satisfied leads to hope, optimism.

Leads to emotional hopelessness.

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The Causal Chain to Psychological Stress

Chronic deprivation - unmet psychological needs - which manifests in mild to severe distress. Tendency to repress or bottle up these emotions (detach from feeling them altogether).

Consistent thought patterns that keep regenerating these danger emotions. People with cancer tend to have photographic emotional memories - the ability to recall details of past memories in “living color” and recreated past pain of that pain is experienced in the present – and as a result experience self in present danger.

Body responds as if in real danger - and our basic nature is to avoid pain.

Sympathetic nervous system is activated to respond to danger.

Danger doesn’t go away, since long-standing beliefs maintain one’s perception that danger exists.

Hopelessness on an emotional level results from the prolonged experience of being in emotional pain - without

a way to escape.

Prolonged activation of the sympathetic nervous system’s “fight or flight response” triggers other biochemical responses that affect or suppress the normal activity of the immune and neuro-endocrine systems. For example, recall the mechanisms involved in the exhaustion stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome.

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The Causal Chain to Psychological Ease

NEED FULFILLMENT & ​EMOTIONAL PLEASURE

NEED FOR PLEASURE ​NEED MET

(FULFILLMENT)=JOY/LOV

E

PITUITARY ​GLAND ​STIMULATED

EXPECTATION OF PLEASURE ​AND NEED FULFILLMENT; ​DESIRE TO “MOVE FORWARD” ​EMOTIONAL PLEASURE

EMOTIONS DISCHARGED (EASE)

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS ​SYSTEM CATHECTED; HEALTH, ​ANABOLIC STATE (CELLULAR ​REGENERATION OCCURS)

SELF-ACTUALIZATION ​(UNFOLDING GROWTH ​POTENTIAL)

OPTIMISM, HOPE, ​DESIRE

EASE, HEALTH

PLAYFULNESS

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Psychological Stress

Unmet psychological needs perception: threat to survival (Unconscious “danger” beliefs)

Pain Anger Fear

Danger Response

Pleasure Love

Learned Hopelessness (Unconscious)


Limbic System

Hypothalamic Activity

Neuro-Endocrine System (Hormonal Imbalance)

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Gland Pineal

Pituitary

Thyroid

Thymus

Adrenal

Emotion

Unconditional Love

Pleasure

Anger

Protective/Survival

Fear

Suppression of Immune Function (Including anti-cancer mechanisms)

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Psychological Ease

All emotions felt and expressed, utilized as signals to change.

Learned Optimism

Limbic System

Hypothalamic Activity

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Excitement of Immune System

Activation of Anti-Cancer Mechanisms

Neuro-Endocrine System

(Hormonal Imbalance)

GlandEmotional

PinealUnconditional Love

PituitaryPleasure

ThyroidAnger

ThymusProtection/Survival

AdrenalFear

Master Gland of Immune

System Stimulated

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The Guiding Principle Of Mind/Body Medicine (Specifically Psycho Oncology) Is That

The individual, not the disease, is at the heart of the treatment. Your beliefs and attitudes are the most protective factor that you have against cancer.

Healthcare delivery has often devalued the importance of keeping the person, at the center of the diagnostic and treatment process.

This is important to understand as your consciousness represents the upstream informational template that drives all of the other downstream regulatory biochemical and genetic mechanisms that suppress tumor growth and keep the body in a healthy balanced state.

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The Speed Of Healing, Including Spontaneous Remission, Correlates Strongest With A Person’s Beliefs And Attitudes -

more than their specific diagnosis and treatment (whether it be traditional or alternatively based) separate solutions to treating it emerge.

This is what is not understood by the majority of people in

the country, and scientifically impacts the cure rate nationally

and globally.

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First Comes The Illness, And Only Afterwards The Tumor.

Professionals involved in functional or biological medicine and alternative medicine view cancer as a generalized disease of the body.

Physicians in traditional medicine view cancer as a local disease, in which a generalized illness follows.

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Stress, Secondary Gains, and the Meaning of Illness

There is considerable research that points to stress as being an influencing factor in the susceptibility of resistance to cancer, as well as to the course of disease itself. There are a number of suggestions in the literature on just how stress may be a causative factor in cancer.

We know that both the endocrine and immune

functions are so sensitive to its influence, that

measurable effects can be noted and characterized in

both animal and human studies.

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It has been noted in literature that there are often clusters of situational stressors that typically precede the diagnosis of cancer.


External events that we experience as ‘stress’ are

events that often are labeled as undesirable, and ones

that we have an emotional reaction to.

These external stressors seem to possibly overload our systems, particularly if our bodies are already exhausted from internal stress - the stress of not having our needs met over a long period of time.

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As humans, we not only have needs for love and pleasure, but also needs for recognition, purpose, playfulness, excitement, etc.

It then becomes important to begin to

identify our needs. This is difficult to do

if we do not have a core belief that it is

ok for us to have needs in general.

Work from the assumption that your illness is helping you meet some very important needs, and begin to explore what these needs might be. By being ill, your body will unconsciously help you meet these unfulfilled needs.

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Since illness is an unconscious problem solver, you may not be aware of what the message of your cancer is right now. Illness can be viewed as a negative feedback system that helps us move in the direction of who we really are; our true nature.

Ask yourself the question:


“Can I get some of these secondary gains

that I have gotten from my illness and be able

to keep them if I get well?”

Generally, most of us treat ourselves much better when we are sick - it is ok for us to be loving and gentle with ourselves - to say “NO” and set limits - to slow down - to take time for ourselves - to take in love, etc.

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Begin practicing a new system that you can use while being healthy that includes more gentleness.

Remember - you may not know what the meaning or message of your cancer is - or what some of your secondary gains are.

Be gentle with yourself in the explorations.

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What Are Some of The Healthier ​Core Beliefs?

Nature of the Universe - ​Individually better than we know ​ourselves the ‘All There Is,’ ​creative forces in the universe, ​God – Good – Loving -Orderly, ​knows us - Cares for us and loves ​us more than we love ourselves.

Life - A loving teacher ​-We are here to learn ​who we are.

Health, Happiness, Joy and ​Love - Positive feedback ​that we are moving in the ​direction of who we are - ​connected to our purpose.

Death - the end of this ​existence just as birth is

the beginning. Our

essence, consciousness, ​soul, continues, after death ​and that existence is ​desirable.

Nature of humans (me) - ​Good by nature.

Illness and Pain

-Negative feedback ​-bringing us back

to our nature.

Purpose - Our own unique/individual ​unfolding is built into each one of us. ​We are guided along our unfolding by ​desire, passion, joy, love, happiness ​and fulfillment. We are helped to shift ​from erroneous paths by illness and ​pain (physical, mental or emotional ​pain).

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Hope, Trust, Purpose, and Inner Wisdom

TRUST

A Belief in ​Something

HOPE

A Belief That Desirable ​Things are Attainable

Our beliefs influence our health, illness,

quality of life and quality of death.


Our foundational beliefs profoundly

influence ALL aspects of our lives.

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Foundational beliefs are beliefs about the nature of ourselves, our universe, God, all there is, and the nature of our relationship to ourselves in our universe. This includes the meaning of life, the meaning of illness, health, death and purpose. There is no agreed upon method for determining the amount of truth or accuracy in our foundational beliefs.

There are, however, ways of determining the relative health value of beliefs

.


For example: to believe that human beings are evil by nature is quite unhealthy. It is much healthier to believe that human beings are good by nature.

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Accessing Your Brain Power

Imagery is a way of accessing the power of the brain to

command the body to respond in a desired direction.


When you make a conscious decision to get well by

verbalizing the statement: “I decide to get well…” You

empower your body to mobilize its defenses to beat cancer.

For many years we have observed that a motivated person

can actively influence the functioning of this vast

self-regulated and healing system of the body.

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Belief That Recovery is Possible

Current research supports the view that your emotions and attitudes “talk” with the billion of defense cells in your immune system. You

can now learn how to utilize the natural processes of mind-body

communication to facilitate your emotional and physical well-being.

We know that the limbic-hypothalamic system in your brain is the

major mind-body connector, and that it modulates the activity of the

autonomic, endocrine, and immune systems in response to mental

suggestions and beliefs.

A belief that recovery is possible can mobilize a healing response by activating these major systems of mind-body communication and

healing.

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Decision to Get Well

We have observed that an important enhancement in

self-healing seems to occur right when the patient makes

the decision to get well.


Visual imagery involves using your imagination to create

pictures in your brain that communicate emotional safety,

comfort, and pleasure so that your body can shift into a

relaxed state where healing can occur.

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Creating a meaning about your cancer that supports you and empowers you is the first step in getting well.

Step 2:

The second step in getting well is to master your ability to direct and control the state of your physiology and emotions. This will be a natural outgrowth of Step 1. You will feel better as a result of evaluating your current situation more effectively.

When you feel better physically and emotionally, it is much

easier to visualize yourself getting well. Therefore, practice

daily getting yourself into an empowered state, to whatever

degree you can begin with and then go to Step 3.

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Step 3:

This involves making the conscious decision to get well. This will cause your brain to change what you focus on. The quality of our life at any given moment is determined by what we are focusing on. The quality of our health at any given moment is dramatically influenced by the quality of our life (or by what our brain is focusing on).

The quality of your life has nothing to do with what is going on

around you; it has everything to do with how you evaluate

things.

The people who are most successful in beating cancer have the

ability to evaluate things more effectively.

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Practice daily asking yourself better questions. Your brain is like a computer; it will give you information on whatever you ask of it. Notice the questions that you have asked yourself in the past that have caused you to be in a lousy state. What would be some questions that you could ask yourself about your current challenge of getting well that would make you feel great no matter what else was going on - including results you may have gotten on medical tests, or a poor prognosis that was given to you by a physician, or side effects from treatment, etc.

What you focus on determines the quality of your life and

health. Asking better questions daily forces your brain to make

better evaluations. How you evaluate things will determine

how you feel and what you do.

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This requires you to hold specific images daily of what you want - not of what you don’t want. Reality follows image. Many people spend much more time during the day thinking about the things they are afraid of that might

happen, rather than focusing specifically on what they want.

The body does not know the difference between real or imagined danger. When our minds hold pictures or images of perceived danger, the body gears up for a survival response. When we continually hold images in our minds that create pain, anger, or fear, our bodies remain in an overly activated defense response which eventually drains us of our energy and can actually get in the way of our survival.

Many people with cancer have highly developed photographic memories;

that is, they have the ability to recall in detail past memories and realize that

in living color. Our research has shown that there is a tendency for our

patients to hold more pain-related memories and to relive them over and

over. Since the body does not know the difference between real or imagined

danger, it will gear up for a survival response when there is a perception of

ensuing danger.

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Strategy for Getting Well

My psychological work in getting well is:

To open up to pleasure without emotional pain.

Express any old emotional pain, anger, fear that is getting in the way of my feeling

love and pleasure.

Believe:

I’m entitled to pleasure without pain. I’m lovable.

I’m good enough, without having to be perfect.

I need. My needs are real, and theory important.

I feel. And all of my emotions are okay.

Practice:

Taking in love and pleasure. Expressing emotions.

Strengthen Beliefs:

I have all the time I need to make the change I want to make.

I have everything I need to get well.

As I enrich my life, my cancer or illness will go away, my body’s defense system will

be enhanced, and my recovery potential maximized.

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Imagery is All The Uses of The Imagination

It is one of the oldest forms of healing on the planet, and one we are all capable of using. There is nothing new or strange about

this process. You use your imagination every day, whether you

are aware of it or not.

Remembering what you had for breakfast or thinking about what

you’d like to have for dinner are natural ways we use our

imagination. Worry is an example of a common unhealthy use of

imagery - it is basically imagining and undesirable outcome.

Imagery is one of the most powerful ways our mind

communicates with our body.

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Our goal is to show you how to harness this creative process and use it for improving your health.

Imagine your body as capable of healing itself:

It is important to understand that our bodies have known

how to recognize, transform and eliminate cancer cells since before we were born - it is part of our nature.

Imagine your treatments as effective:

It is important to embrace ALL your treatments, and imagine

them as your allies.

Imagine the disease as curable:

Cancer is a weak, confused, deformed cell that is naturally

recognized and eliminated by your body’s healing systems.

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• •

You will then be asked to develop three, six and nine month goals in these various areas.

This will require some work and contemplation. The primary force directing the goals will be

desire.

Developing a plan gives us a guide to let us know the direction we are going and the pace that we are

setting. It is of value to know that we are always free to alter the plan and that these goals are simply a framework on which to build.

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REMEMBER to use enthusiasm, joy and vitality in this

experience of visualization.


LOOK at the relationship between your thoughts and your

emotions and the energy - or lack of it - that is created by these

thoughts and emotions. Use the principles you have learned to

harness your imagination and influence your illness in a healthy

way.


THE MIND-BODY CONNECTION - Drawing can be an easy,

an accessible way to explore unconscious attitudes.


Make sure the focus of your VISUALIZATION is on what you

desire and NOT in the absence of your desire.

Example: The thought “I can get well” vs. “I wish I wasn’t sick.”

Illness can serve as a powerful message or reminder that we are out of balance with our true nature, and that there are issues in our lives that need to be recognized and resolved.

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Health Plan

Development of a health plan is the framework on which the entire process of getting well is based. We have artificially divided all of life’s activities into six categories:


1. Purpose in Life

2. Creative Thinking

3. Exercise

4. Social Support

5. Play

6. Nutrition


We then ask you to identify which one of these categories is the most

important in your life, then the second and third, etc. This prioritizing can be

done in one of the two following ways. First, based on how much time you

have spent on these areas in the past, or secondly based on how it excites

you.

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Remember that no one category is more important than any other.

These categories are:

1)Purpose in Life:

These are activities that include work, spiritual life, civic activities or

any behavior that gives one a sense of “why am I here?”

2) Creative Thinking: (Meditation/Visualization)

A more specific form of intentional relaxation and mental direction. A

technique for imagining desired outcomes in life as well as learning methods of

relaxation.

3) Exercise:

We are speaking of de-stressing exercise: Any activity in which you feel

better at the end of the exercise than when you began. To ensure this, when you

begin to exercise and if you feel worse, take this as a signal to slow down or stop.

Even though work or play might accomplish this process, it is important to

remember to keep exercise as a separate activity.

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Remember that no one category is more important than any other.

4)Social Support:

This part of our lives includes family and friends, psychotherapists,

ministers, church groups and/or any person or group that you may turn to for nurturing and support.


5)Play:

Any activity that produces the feeling of joy, or what may be “having

fun.”


6)Nutrition:

This activity is focused on why we eat what we do, as well as our

beliefs about food, drink, diets, vitamins, etc. and the development of healthier nutritional patterns of behavior.

It is important to remember to eat what agrees with you and to

avoid that which does not.

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Kahler Communications International

was founded by Taibi Kahler, Ph.D., an award-winning clinical psychologist who has served as a consultant and advisor to Global 2000 companies, NASA, and other governmental agencies- as well as to several presidential and senatorial campaigns.

Dr. Kahler is the originator and author of PCM and PTM, the progenitor of the Process Education Model, and the Process

Spiritual Model. His work has also been fully integrated into the curriculum of The MUSE School in Malibu, California, co-founded by Suzy Amis Cameron, to prepare young people to live consciously with themselves, one another, and the planet. The school is committed to developing the emotional intelligence of their students.

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The Kahler “Key to Stress” Profile™ internationally represents State of the Art Technology in “personalized” stress management, resiliency, and high-powered communication.

The Kah ler Profile accurately correlates an individual’s Strengths, Perceptual Styles, and Psychological Needs with their Personality Type to predict strategies for optimal and high powered communication, which ultimately drives results for success and optimal performance.

Dr. Kahler’s “Process Communication Model” was utilized by NASA in the selection of Astronauts. For 20 years, NASA used this model to select resilient teams that would predictably perform successfully under pressure.

This Profile has also been utilized by a number of Fortune 500 Companies to help executives refine their leadership and decision-making skills.

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This is the ONLY stress management model in the world that can predict distinct distress pattern for an

individual given their personality structure, and can predict strategies for how one can instantly turn those distress patterns around.

Having this information provides individuals, leaders, and teams the ability to have the ultimate edge for achievement. Understanding second by second one’s own process of “Distress Patterns” & “Success Patterns” allows immediate adaptation for interacting with others.

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Resiliency

The flexibility of responding is considered a desirable “resilient trait”, as it provides an individual or a team with the ability to view situations from different perspectives.

Resiliency has also been described in the literature as the ability of an individual to recover & rebound despite adversity.

There are tremendous health & wellness benefits for being resilient, as well as high performance benefits.

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Having access to a personal roadmap of how you, as well as others, operate at your best gives both individuals and teams an advantage for taking the concept of

“HIGH POWERED COMMUNICATION”

to a whole new realm in understanding the dynamics of how to develop outstanding, interactive behavior that leads to “Resiliency Mastery”.

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To Have an Amazing Life …with amazing success requires effective & outstanding “communication patterns.

How we feel, think, or judge our moment by moment transactions determines our responses.

A response is a set of unfolding behaviors that can predictably set us up for being in the zone, or conversely for being at risk for serious miscommunication or personal injury.

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Different personalities have different perceptual styles, frames of references, and

ways of connecting with others that impact

the way they approach any behavior.

The process of how a person thinks feels, or

believes can be predicted when they move

into their individual distress patterns. We will

all predictably move into symptoms of distress

when our primary psychological needs that

correlate with our unique personality

structure is not being consistently met.

When we understand who we are and what psychological needs we must satisfy to be effective and productive, we have a “powerful edge” both in maintaining optimal health, wellness, energy and resiliency

– and also in consistently and predictably

enjoying high powered successful

performance!

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Step 1

•Knowing who you are and what motivates you.

Step 2

•Recognizing your personal warning signs of stress:

1st, 2nd, and 3rd distress symptoms

Step 3

Step 4

•Understanding the roadmap of your stress process

and how to reverse the pathways.

•Designing your lifestyle success formula to match

who you are with what motivates you.

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Be Around People Who Motivate

and Energize You

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You’re probably going to find

that you’ll want to be with

different people for different needs.

When you need to have fun or playful contact, there will be certain

people you’ll want to call to help you fulfill that psychological need.


When you want to have your achievement needs met, there are

others who will be more aligned with your work or career goals.

To have your nurturing needs met, you’ll want to surround yourself

with those who are warm and comforting.

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When you change phases in your personality structure, you keep your old personality type, even while moving into a new phase that has different motivating factors, needs, and preferences.

What used to jazz, juice, and motivate you is very different from what excites you in your new phase.

If you’ve noticed things that used to charge you up and motivate you are different and you’re starting to experience new wants, desires, and preferences –

this is a sign that you’ve shifted personality phases.

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To Shift

Out

of Distress

It becomes necessary to:

Identify our particular psychological needs, and to find ways to meet them in healthy ways on a consistent basis.

If you have not found positive and healthy ways to meet your particular psychological needs in the past, your body may force you to meet these needs when you are sick or injured.

When you look back on the time period of a year or two before either a recent illness, injury, or serious miscommunication in your life, you may notice one of several things:

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1. You might not have been having as much fun.

2. You might not have been feeling loved and appreciated.


3. You might not have thought that you

received enough acknowledgement for your

work.

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4.

You might not have experienced enough positive thrill and

excitement in your life on a regular basis.

5. You might not have had enough of a sense of inner peace and solitude.

6. You might have believed you were betrayed or involved with people or companies that did not share your beliefs and values.

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Each person’s variety of behaviors becomes their own individualized personality style.

Your individual

profile identifies you as one of six personality types: Harmonizer, Thinker, Persister, Imaginer, Rebel or Promoter.


These types are not good or bad,

smarter or less smart, better or

worse. They merely indicate different

kinds of people.

The components of

your personality type and their relevance to you and others will be described in your individualized Kahler Stress Profile™.

In the profile, you will learn about the various personality types and their relative strengths and behaviors

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We experience hopelessness when ur psychological needs are not met over a long period of time. We begin to give up about ever getting what we really want.

We often take on a general life position. “I’m not okay… you’re not okay.” When we are in despair, we often sabotage ourselves by thinking, “It’s hopeless,” “I’m trapped,” “I am not getting what I want and need now,” and “I’ll never be able to get what I want and need.”

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Understanding Yourself is Crucial in Learning to Turn the Tables on Stress

There are certain environments and situations which provide you the maximum opportunity to demonstrate your full ability to successfully manage stress.

The more successful you are at

finding or creating situations that suit your personal success dynamics, the easier it will be for you to generate positive energy, manage stress effectively, and maximize your high performance potential & greatest resiliency!

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Managing Stress Successfully Long Term For

Optimal Energy & Peak Performance

Understanding Who We Are & How to Motivate Oneself

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Knowing What Our Predictable Patterns of Distress Are

How to Alter Them Quickly

Adopting Healthier Beliefs & Perceptions so that we are not Programming our Bodies to be in Perpetual Danger.

Meeting our Unique Psychological Needs & Helping Others Charge Their Batteries for Individual, Group & Team Resiliency

Designing our Lifestyle so we Maximize Our Environmental Preferences and Personality Strengths

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Knowing What Our Predictable Patterns of Distress Are

How to Alter Them Quickly

Recognizing Early Warning Signs of Distress & Practice Interrupting the

Patterns by Focusing on the “Process” Rather than “Content” of the Communication Transaction

Expressing Empowered & Desirable Emotional and Physical States Daily, and Anchoring Them Consistently

Experiencing Regular States Of Deep

Relaxation for Improving Restorative Sleep,

Cellular Regeneration,

and for Strengthening the Overall Health of the Autonomic Nervous System

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Step 1

Knowing who you are and what motivates you.

Recognizing your personal warning signs of stress; ​1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree distress symptoms.

Step 2

Understanding the roadmap of your stress process ​and how to reverse the pathways.

Step 3

Designing your lifestyle success formula to match

who you are with what motivates you.

Step 4

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Deciding To Get Well

Declaring your decision to get well in a way that is motivational to your personality type and phase is important so that your recovery process is enjoyable and more productive.

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Emerging evidence indicates that impaired cellular energy metabolism is the defining characteristic of nearly all cancers regardless of cellular or tissue origin.

Aerobic glycolysis, arising from damaged respiration, is the single most

common phenotype found in cancer.

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Emerging evidence questions the genetic origin of cancer and suggests that cancer is primarily a metabolic disease involving disturbances in

energy production through respiration and fermentation.

The disturbances in tumor cell energy metabolism can be linked to abnormalities in

the structure and function of the mitochondria.

This theory expands upon Otto Warburg’s well-known theory that all cancer is a disease

of energy metabolism.

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Currently, most researchers consider cancer as a type of genetic disease where damage to a cell’s DNA underlies the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell.

The finding of hundreds and thousands of gene changes in different cancers has led to the idea that cancer is not a single disease, but is a collection of many different diseases.

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What if....

...most cancers are not of genetic origin?

...most of the gene changes identified in tumor tissue

arise as a secondary downstream epiphenomena of

tumor progression?

...cancer were a disease of respiratory insufficiency?

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While the psychological and behavioral responses to stress may differ among individuals, the systemic physiological respons e is essentially the same.

The physiological response is initiated along two axes of the neuroendocrine system:

The

Sympathetic-Adrenal-

Medullary (SAM)

Hypothalamic-Pituitar

y-Adrenal (HPA).

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Each axis is activated on a different time scale and for a different purpose.

Initiated first is the fast response along the SAM axis, which assists an organism’s ability to detect threats and is traditionally associated with the fight or flight response.

This axis culminates with the release of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla and is associated with increased blood pressure and heart rate, alertness, and muscle stimulation.

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In humans this glucocorticoid is cortisol, whose systemic effects include increasing cellular metabolism to provide the energy needed to respond to a threat.

Cortisol also suppresses the activity of

the immune system and terminates the stress response via a negative feedback loop.

The response along the HPA axis occurs more slowly and concludes with the release of glucocorticoids

from the adrenal cortex.

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Put simply, the metabolic theory states

that cancer originates from damage to the cell's capacity to generate energy with oxygen (oxidative energy production with a concurrent increase in energy generation without oxygen.

In other words, cancer is not

a genetic disease,

but rather a disease of metabolism.

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Although cancer has historically been viewed as a disorder of

proliferation, recent evidence has suggested that it should also be

considered a metabolic disease.

Growing tumors rewire their metabolic programs to meet and even

exceed the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of continuous cell

growth.

The metabolic profile observed in cancer cells often includes increased

consumption of glucose and glutamine, increased glycolysis, changes in

the use of metabolic enzyme isoforms, and increased secretion of

lactate.

Oncogenes and tumor suppressors have been discovered to have roles in

cancer-associated changes in metabolism as well.

The metabolic profile of tumor cells has been suggested to reflect the

rapid proliferative rate. Cancer-associated metabolic changes may also

reveal the importance of protection against reactive oxygen species or a

role for secreted lactate in the tumor microenvironment.

WHY DO CANCER CELLS SHIFT THEIR METABOLISM IN THIS WAY?

Are the changes in metabolism in cancer cells a consequence of the changes in proliferation or a driver of cancer progression? Can cancer metabolism be targeted to benefit patients?

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Cancer as a Metabolic Disease reevaluates the origins of cancer based on the latest research findings as well as several decades

of studies exploring the defects in tumor cell energy metabolism.

Amino Acid Fermentation can maintain Cellular Energy Homeostasis during anoxia. Evidence suggesting that metastatic mouse cells derive energy from glutamine fermentation. Fermentation energy pathways can

drive cancer cell viability under hypoxia.

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Cancer is a metabolic disease, there is little doubt to that statement.

Cancer is rarely a genetic disease, though often discussed as such.

When genetic changes that do exist in cancer are likely the result of

the metabolic dysfunction and poor adaptation for survival that

results from a hypoxic environment.

It expands upon Otto Warburg's well-known theory that all cancer is a disease of energy metabolism. However, Warburg did not link his theory to the "hallmarks of cancer" and thus his theory was discredited.

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The hallmarks of cancer were originally

six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors and have since been increased to eight capabilities and two enabling capabilities.

The idea was coined by Douglas Hanahan and Robert Weinberg in their paper The Hallmarks of Cancer published January 2000 in Cell.

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These hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease.

They include:

Sustaining Proliferative Signaling

Evading Growth Suppressors

Resisting Cell Death

Enabling Replicative Immortality

Inducing Angiogenesis

Activating Invasion and Metastasis

Underlying these hallmarks are genome instability, which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple hallmark functions.

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In addition to cancer cells, tumors exhibit another dimension o f complexity:

They incorporate a

community of recruited, ostensibly normal cells that contribute to the acquisition of hallmark traits by creating

the "tumor microenvironment".

Recognition of the widespread applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of new means to treat human cancer.

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Capability

Simple Analogy

Self-sufficiency in Growth Signals ​Insensitivity to Anti-Growth Signals

Evading Apoptosis

Limitless Replicative Potential

Sustained Angiogenesis

Tissue Invasion and Metastasis

"Accelerator pedal stuck on" ​"Brakes don't work"

Won't die when the body

normally would kill the

defective cell

Infinite generations of

descendants

Telling the body to give it a

blood supply

Migrating and spreading to

other organs and tissues

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Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals

Cancer cells, however, have the ability to grow without these external signals. There are multiple ways in which cancer cells can do this:

Cancer cells do not need stimulation from external signals (in the form

of growth factors) to multiply.

• • •

by producing these signals themselves, known as autocrine signaling;

by permanently activating the signaling

pathways that respond to these signals;

by destroying 'off switches' that prevents

excessive growth from these signals (negative

feedback).

Typically, cells of the body require hormones and other molecules that act as signals for them

to grow and divide.

In addition, cell division in normal, non-cancerous cells is tightly controlled. In cancer cells, these processes are deregulated because the proteins that control them are altered, leading to increased growth and cell division within the tumor.

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Evading Programmed Cell Death

Apoptosis is a form

of programmed cell

death (cell suicide), the mechanism by which cells are programmed to die in the event they become damaged.

Cancer cells are characteristically able to bypass this mechanism.

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Deregulated Metabolism

•Most cancer cells use alternative metabolic pathways to

generate energy, a fact appreciated since the early

twentieth century with the postulation of the Warburg

hypothesis, but only now gaining renewed research

interest.

Cancer cells exhibiting the Warburg

effect upregulate glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol and prevent mitochondria from completing normal aerobic respiration (oxidation of pyruvate, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain).

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Evading the Immune System

Despite cancer cells causing increased inflammation and angiogenesis, they also appear to be able to avoid interaction with the body's immune system via a loss of interleukin-33.

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Inflammation

Recent discoveries have highlighted the role of local chronic inflammation in inducing many types of cancer. Inflammation leads to angiogenesis and more of an immune response. The degradation of extracellular

matrix necessary to form new blood vessels increases the odds of metastasis.

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Sleep and its disorders are increasingly

becoming important in our sleep deprived society.

Sleep is intricately connected to various hormonal and metabolic processes in the body and is important in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.

Research shows that sleep deprivation and sleep disorders may have profound metabolic and cardiovascular implications.

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Sleep deprivation, sleep disordered

breathing, and circadian misalignment are believed to cause metabolic dysregulation through myriad pathways involving sympathetic overstimulation,

hormonal imbalance, and

subclinical inflammation.

Sleep deprivation and sleep disorders may be altering human metabolism.

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Stages of Sleep

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It’s critical to think about sleep quality and whether the time spent sleeping is

actually restorative.

Progressing smoothly multiple times through the sleep cycle, composed of four separate sleep stages, is a vital part of getting truly high-quality rest.

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What is the Sleep Cycle

It is normal for sleep cycles to change as you progress through your nightly sleep. The first sleep cycle is often the shortest, ranging from 70-100 minutes, while later cycles tend to fall between 90 and 120 minutes. In addition, the composition of each cycle — how much time is spent in each sleep stage — changes as the night goes along.


Sleep cycles can vary from person to person and from night to

night based on a wide range of factors such as age, recent sleep

patterns, and alcohol consumption.

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NREM Sleep Patterns

NREM sleep is composed of three different stages. The higher the stage of NREM sleep, the harder it is to wake a person up from their slumber.

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Stage 1 / N1

Stage 1 is essentially the “dozing off” stage, and it normally lasts just one to five minutes.

During N1 sleep, the

body hasn’t fully relaxed, though the body and brain activities start to slow with periods of brief movements (twitches). There are light changes in brain activity associated with falling asleep in this stage.

It’s easy to wake someone up during this sleep stage, but if a person isn’t disturbed, they can move quickly into stage 2.

As the night unfolds,

an uninterrupted sleeper may not spend much more time in stage 1 as they move through further sleep cycles.

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Stage 2 / N2

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During stage 2, the body enters a more subdued state including a drop in temperature,

relaxed muscles, and slowed breathing and heart rate. At the same time, brain waves show a new pattern and eye movement stops. On the whole, brain activity slows, but there are short bursts of activity that actually help resist being woken up by external stimuli.

Stage 2 sleep can last

for 10-25 minutes

during the first

sleep cycle, and each N2 stage can

become longer during the night.


Collectively, a person typically spends about half their sleep time in N2 sleep.

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Stage 3 / N3

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Stage 3 sleep is also known as deep sleep, and it

is harder to wake someone up if they are in this phase. Muscle tone, pulse, and breathing rate decrease in N3 sleep as the body relaxes even further.

The brain activity during this period has an identifiable pattern of what are known as

delta waves. For this reason, stage 3 may also be

called delta sleep or short-wave sleep (SWS).

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Stage 3 / N3

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Experts believe that this stage is critical to restorative sleep, allowing for bodily recovery and growth. It may also bolster the immune system and other key bodily processes. Even though brain activity is

reduced, there is evidence

that deep sleep contributes to insightful thinking, creativity, and memory.

We spend the most time in deep sleep during the first half of the

night. During the early sleep cycles, N3 stages commonly last for 20-40 minutes. As you continue sleeping, these stages get shorter, and more time gets spent in REM sleep instead.

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REM Sleep Patterns

During REM sleep, brain activity picks up, nearing levels seen when you’re awake. At the same time, the body experiences atonia, which is a

temporary

paralysis of the muscles, with two exceptions: the eyes and the muscles

that

control breathing. Even though the eyes are closed, they can be seen

moving quickly, which is how this stage gets its name.

REM sleep is believed to be essential to cognitive functions like memory, learning, and creativity.

REM sleep is known for the most vivid dreams, which is explained by the significant uptick in brain activity. Dreams can occur in any sleep stage, but

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REM Sleep Patterns

Under normal circumstances, you don’t enter a REM sleep stage until you’ve been asleep for about 90 minutes. As the night goes on, REM stages get longer, especially in the second half of the night. While the first REM stage may last only a few minutes, later stages can last for around an hour.

In total, REM stages make up around 25% of sleep in adults.

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Why Do the Sleep Stages Matter?

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•Sleep stages are important because they

allow the brain and body to recuperate and

develop.

•A key step is to focus on improving your

sleep hygiene, which refers to your sleep

environment (mattress, pillow, sheets etc.)

and sleep-related habits.

•Achieving a more consistent sleep schedule, getting natural daylight exposure, avoiding

alcohol before bedtime, and eliminating

noise and light disruptions can help you get uninterrupted sleep and promote proper

alignment of your circadian rhythm.

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The brain is considered the most complex organ within the human body. This ultimate command center controls all that we feel, think, and physically do.


While the brain has been designed to appear and operate as an entity, neuroscientists have identified three embryologically separate brains - each with distinct stem cells – and all with differing functions. These individual brains work synergistically to smoothly execute all voluntary and involuntary actions.

The three-layered (triune) brain is organized hierarchically

from an evolutionary perspective. As the human brain has evolved, it has expanded- not replaced- itself.

Each new layer learns how to intimately interact with the previous version of itself, resulting in a more fluid transition between thought, emotion, and action.

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The Triune Brain

The idea of a Triune Brain was first proposed in 1970 by American neuroscientist, Paul MacLean.


In terms of evolution, Dr. MacLean categorized these brains from oldest to newest:

The Reptilian Brain The Limbic System The Neocortex

While each division of the human brain has a specific set of functions, they cannot operate independently of each other.

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The Evolutionary Layers of The Human Brain

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The Reptilian Brain

Basic Instincts

The Reptilian Brain is found at the core of the human brain, and is comprised ​of the brain stem and cerebellum. The Reptilian Brain first appeared in fish ​nearly 500 million years ago. It continued to develop in amphibians, reaching ​its most advanced stages in reptiles roughly 250 million years ago. This ​primitive section is now found in both reptiles and mammals, and is ​responsible for controlling autonomic functions such as:

Heart Rate The Reptilian Brain’s main priorities

Respirations are the maintenance and survival of

Metabolism species and self. This brain by itself is

Body Temperature not capable of logical thinking, and

Fight or Flight Reflexrequires emotion to rationally act on

these primordial instincts.

Its animalistic impulses produce basic instinctual responses such as anger,

fear, revenge, and instinctual behaviors that include territoriality,

competitiveness, social dominance, reproduction, and repetitious

tendencies.

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Emotion

The Limbic System

Nearly 150 million years ago, small mammals evolved passed the point of the basic stimulus response of the Reptilian Brain. The Limbic System (Old

Mammalian Brain), grew surrounding and interconnected to the Reptilian Brain, adding a layer of control to the

autonomic responses of the Reptilian Brain. This mid-brain is home to the Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Hypothalamus.

The Limbic system is responsible for adding enhanced emotion to basic thoughts.

Through the Limbic System, mammals are capable of memory, feelings, and complex emotions that include

empathy, sadness, and bonding.

It is able to do this by regulating the flow of chemicals and chemical interactions that help to produce our emotions.

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The Neocortex

Action

Through this brain, humans are able to put instincts and emotions into actions. The neocortex is considered to be the executive control center of the human brain.

Higher cognitive functions such as spoken language, rationalization, and imagination set humans apart from other mammals. The ever-adapting Neocortex provides humans with infinite learning capabilities.

The Neocortex (New Mammalian Brain) is the most recently developed brain, making its evolutionary debut roughly 2-3 million years ago – coinciding with the emergence of the genus, “homo”. Dr. MacLean has described the Neocortex as, “…the mother of invention and the father of abstractive thought,” being responsible for “foresight, hindsight, and insight.” This brain that encompasses both the Limbic and Reptilian brains underwent its greatest development during its transition from primates to humans.

The Neo(new)cortex is responsible

for higher functions that include:

spatial reasoning

sensory perception

finer motor skills

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The three evolutionary layers of the brain work together to achieve the

same goal: survival.

Within the past 2-3 million years, the developments within the human brain became so much more than about just surviving;

it became about SURVIVING and THRIVING!

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Chronic Stress

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When a person is in chronic

stress, whether perceived or

real, the body responds as if it is

in actual danger by sending a

cascade of chemical messengers

throughout the brain and

body. This is considered the

body’s fight or flight, or even

freeze reflex; autonomic

responses generated by the

Reptilian Brain.


Fight, flight, or freeze reactions were created to be short term

responses to temporary situations, and when these reflexes are

prolonged - as in the case of chronic stress – it can

be counterproductive, and even a hindrance to the survival of a human

being.

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It has been considered that cancer represents a problem in the signaling communication system between our three brains.

One might hypothesize that since the evolutionary brain has developed in three

distinct layers, that perhaps the normal signaling

for Apoptosis (programmed cell death which does not occur in cancer cells) might reflect a communication problem from the old Reptilian Brain.

Cancer might indicate that there is a perception of chronic danger which might impact the normal

apoptosis signaling

from properly being executed.

One notion to consider is that a living, raw vegan diet can positively impact the healthy signaling of the old reptilian brain. We know this because millions of years ago when this area of the brain developed, a living, raw vegan diet was the only diet available!

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If there is prolonged emotional distress and a lack of the biological need for bonding and

connection, then we would expect to see signaling communication problems within the second layer of the brain- the Limbic System.

When we have

unconscious beliefs or thoughts that produce

high amounts of

emotional pain, anger, or fear, we would expect this to cause an incoherence within the signaling

system of the Neocortex.

Restoring neuronal coherence becomes essential to understand as we think about the ramifications within the future comprehensive model of cancer treatment, which includes new therapies in molecular genetics and immunology.

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A comprehensive program

for restoring optimal

health will most likely include

the incorporation of high

energy nutrition, based on a living raw food nutritional protocol.

The Hippocrates Health Institute is renowned for this, as well as for the inclusion of:

advanced applications in Neuroscience to restore the coherence in the signaling

of the three layered brain that we all share as part of our evolutionary development.

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Responding To Stress

There are two distinct, but overlapping, responses to stress which depend on the intensity and duration of the stress:


Acute (short-term)

Chronic (long-term)


Chronic stress is essentially an acute stress response that will not turn off.

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Evolution of Stressors

Caveman forefathers

were not exposed to

ongoing (chronic) stress.

Primordial stress was

short-lived (acute) and

lasted about 30 minutes

or less.

Once the stress was gone they returned to

being

relaxed, playful, and social.

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Acute Stress

Acute (sudden or

short-term) stress is the

reaction to an immediate

threat. Fight or flight

response.

The threat can be any

the situation that is perceived

- even subconsciously or

the heart and blood

vessels, immune system, lungs, sensory organs, and

brain) immediately gear up to meet this threat.

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Acute Stress

Common Acute Stressors

(Can Trigger a Stress Response During Sleep)

•Noise

•Crowding

•Isolation

•Hunger

•Danger

•Infection

•High Technology Effects

(Video Games or Cell Phones)

•Imagining a Threat or Remembering a

Dangerous

Event

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Acute Stress


All non-essential body functions like digestion, fertility, and immunity cease operations.

Energy is diverted to the muscles and brain.

Heart beats faster and blood pressure and respiration increase.

The liver releases more sugar into the blood.

Once the acute threat has passed, homeostasis returns.

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Chronic Stress

When experiencing

chronic (continual or long

term) stress the body

never returns to a state

of homeostasis.

Chronic stress maintains

a constant state of fight

or flight.

Chronic stress can have real health consequences

and should be addressed like any other health

concern.

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Chronic Stress

Common Chronic Stressors

•Ongoing work pressure •Long-term relationship problems •Loneliness

•Persistent financial worries

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How Does ACUTE Stress Affect The Senses?

Senses become more alert and

aware of external environment.

Sense of smell is heightened. Stress sweat is released

from different glands than the sweat released from

exercise or being overheated.

Pupils dilate to let more light in and improve sight.

A dry mouth occurs when less gastric juices and saliva

are produced as blood flow to the digestive system is

decreased.

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How Does CHRONIC Stress Affect The Senses?

The body begins to grow weary of being in a heightened state and the senses start to dull.

Previously neutral smells become unpleasant.

The greater the stress, the larger the change

in smell.

Chronic stress alters our taste buds, requiring

us to consume more sweets and

carbohydrates (for glucose) to feel satisfied.

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How Does CHRONIC Stress Affect The Senses?

The long-term production of adrenaline can cause blurry vision, contributing to tunnel vision, migraines, and glaucoma.

Chronic stress has been linked to tinnitus

and hearing loss.

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General Adaptation Syndrome

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

is a term used to describe the body's short-term

and long-term reactions to stress.

Discovered by physician Hans Selye (1907–1982).

The general adaptation syndrome represents a

three-stage reaction to stress.

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General Adaptation Syndrome

Stage1: Alarm Reaction

Humans exhibit a fight or flight response which prepares the body for physical activity.

This also decreases the effectiveness of the immune system, making persons more susceptible to illness.

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General Adaptation Syndrome

Stage 2: Stage of Resistance

The second stage might also be named the stage of adaptation.

If stress persists, the

body adapts to the

stressors it is exposed

to.

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General Adaptation Syndrome

Stage 3: Stage of Exhaustion

By this stage stress has continued for some time.


The body's resistance to stress may gradually be reduced or may collapse quickly.

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Stress:

A Useful Reaction?

Dr. Selye pointed out that stress can result from intense joy or pleasure as well as from fear or anxiety.

Researchers later coined the term

eustress, or pleasant stress, to reflect the

the fact that positive experiences such as a job

promotion, completing a degree, or

getting married are also stressful.

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Every brain wave serves a purpose to help us cope with ​various situations, whether it’s to amp you up before a game ​or match, or calm yourself down after a long day at the

office.

In order of lowest frequency to higher, ​the five brain waves are:

Delta

Theta

Alpha

Beta

Gamma (Highest Frequency)

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Delta Waves

Frequency Range

0 Hz to 4 Hz

High Levels

• ​• ​• ​•

Brain Injuries ​Learning Problems ​Inability to Think ​Severe ADHD

Low Levels

• ​• ​•

Inability to Rejuvenate ​Body

Inability

to Revitalize the Brain

Poor Sleep

Optimal Range

• ​•

Healthy Immune ​System

Restorative REM Sleep

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Theta Waves

Theta waves known as the ‘suggestible waves’, because of their prevalence

when one is in a trance or hypnotic state.


In this state, a brain’s Theta waves

are optimal and the patient is

more susceptible to hypnosis and associated

therapy.

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Theta Waves

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Frequency ​Range

High Levels

4Hz to 8 Hz

ADHD or Hyperactivity ​Depressive States ​Impulsive Activity ​Inattentiveness

Low Levels

Anxiety Symptoms

Poor Emotional Awareness ​Higher Stress Levels

Optimal Range

Maximum Creativity

Deep Emotional Connection ​with Oneself and Others ​Greater Intuition

Relaxation

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Beta Waves

Beta waves are the high frequency waves most commonly found in awake humans. They are channeled during conscious states such

as cognitive reasoning, calculation, reading, speaking or thinking.

Higher levels of Beta waves are found to channel a stimulating, arousing effect, which explains how the brain will limit the amount of Alpha waves if heightened Beta activity occurs.


However, if you experience too much Beta activity, this may lead to stress and anxiety. This leads you feeling overwhelmed and stressed during strenuous periods of work or school.

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Beta Waves

Frequency Range

High Levels

12Hz to 40 Hz

Anxiety

Inability to Feel

Relaxed

High Adrenaline Levels

Stress

Low Levels

Depression

Poor Cognitive Ability ​Lack of Attention

Optimal Range

Consistent Focus, ​Strong Memory Recall, ​High Problem Solving ​Ability

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Gamma Waves

Gamma waves are a

more recent discovery

in the field of neuroscience, thus the understanding of how they function

is constantly evolving.


To date, it’s known that Gamma waves are involved in processing more complex tasks in addition to

healthy cognitive function.

Gamma waves are found to

be important for learning, memory an d processing and they are used as a binding tool for our

senses to process new information.

More recently, people have found a strong link between meditation and Gamma waves, a link attributed to the heightened state

of being or ‘completeness’ experienced when in a meditative state.

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Gamma Waves

Frequency Range

High Levels

40Hz to 100 Hz

Anxiety ​Stress

Low Levels

Depression ​ADHD

Learning Issues

Optimal Range

Information Processing ​Cognition

Learning

Binding of Senses

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What are Neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers in the body. Their job is to transmit signals from nerve cells to target cells. These target cells may be in muscles, glands, or other nerves.

The brain needs neurotransmitters to regulate

many necessary functions, including:

heart rate breathing

sleep cycles digestion

mood concentration appetite

muscle movement

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The Nervous System

The nervous system controls the body’s

organs, psychological functions, and

physical functions. Nerve cells, also known

as neurons, and their neurotransmitters

play important roles in this system.

Nerve cells fire nerve impulses. They do this

by releasing neurotransmitters, which are

chemicals that carry signals to other cells.

Neurotransmitters relay their messages by

traveling between cells and attaching to

specific receptors on target cells.

Each neurotransmitter attaches to a

different receptor — for example,

dopamine molecules attach to dopamine

receptors. When they attach, this triggers

action in the target cells.

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Neurotransmitters

Experts have identified more than 100 neurotransmitters to date. Neurotransmitters have different types of action:

Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage a target cell to take action.

Inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease the

chances of the target cell taking action. In some

cases, these neurotransmitters have a

relaxation-like effect.

Modulatory neurotransmitters can send

messages to many neurons at the same time.

They also communicate with other

neurotransmitters.

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Neurotransmitters

Communication is key to your health. Neurotransmitters do that work, sending instructions from one brain cell to the next and transferring information throughout the brain and body.

The process starts where these chemical messengers are stored in tiny compartments at the end of neurons. These are called synaptic vesicles. Neurotransmitters live here until your brain needs to relay a message.

Neurotransmitters are then collected from the synapse by neighboring

neurons after an action potential sparks. A chain reaction follows. Each brain cell releases neurotransmitters to spread the message. When the command is completed, the neurotransmitters break down, float away, or are taken back up by the synaptic vesicles they came from.

When a neuron makes a command (known as firing an action potential) neurotransmitters spring into action. These action potentials temporarily

boost neurons into a higher energy

state. More energy means brain cells can dump chemical neurotransmitters into the space between them and the next neuron. This gap between neurons is called the synapse.

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Glutamate

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This amino acid is common in your diet. And it acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter, stimulating neurons to fire commands. Glutamate isn’t just in your diet. It’s present in 90 percent of synapses, acting as the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

It only takes a small amount of glutamate to excite neighbor brain cells. When neurons are working properly, all the glutamate released by the cell is picked back up by glutamate transporter molecules. This ensures levels of glutamate remain low in the synapse.

Too much glutamate can be tricky for your brain. Excesses can over-excite cells. So much so that neurons can’t bring their energy back down again. This toxic excited state causes brain cells to lock up and stop working. Good thing those transporter proteins are there to clear away the extra glutamate and protect your brain by cleaning up the synapse after each action potential.

Neuroplasticity also relies on glutamate. That’s because your brain uses glutamate to build pathways between neurons that reinforce your memory and help you learn.

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GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)

If glutamate is the most excitatory chemical messenger, then GABA is its polar opposite. GABA is a main inhibitory neurotransmitter.

It reduces the activity in the central nervous system and blocks certain signals from your brain.

Without GABA, your

brain would be “on” all the time. You need GABA to produce a calming effect that slows

you down.


It lowers your heart

rate and blood pressure. GABA helps you relax and fall asleep. The normal stresses of your

life respond well to

GABA.

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Dopamine

The most thrilling neurotransmitter has to be dopamine. That’s because it plays a major role in your brain’s reward system.

Dopamine floods the synapse between neurons when something rewarding happens. It’s responsible for that rush of joy when you accomplish a goal or succeed at a task. Dopamine perks your brain up and brings feelings of pleasure.

Some drugs prey on your brain’s reward system. They stimulate the brain to release an

overabundance of dopamine. This creates a temporary sensation of pleasure, or a high. But

coming down from a dopamine high is a hard fall. Afterward, you might feel depressed,

tired, and less interested in your favorite activities.

Drugs aren’t the only way to mess with the normal dopamine levels in your brain. Addictive

activities like video gaming, gambling, and shopping create similar highs. The surge of

dopamine in your brain can make these habits hard to shake. That’s why it’s so important

to understand how dopamine works so you can keep these behaviors in check.

Dopamine has plenty of positives, though. It encourages wakefulness. It helps your

pancreas release the appropriate amount of insulin after you eat. Dopamine also

coordinates your brain and your body to create voluntary movement. Writing your name,

typing, and driving a car are all possible because of dopamine.

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Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

Adrenaline is your body’s defense

mechanism against stress. If you’re

running late and are afraid to miss your

plane, epinephrine speeds up your

breathing and heart rate so you can run

through the security line.

Adrenaline sharpens your decision

making, too. You can feel it kick in

when you’re taking a test in school.

Neurotransmitters like adrenaline can

help your body to know how your brain

wants to respond to stressful

situations.

If you have ever been spooked

before, you know the feeling that

comes from adrenaline—also

called epinephrine.

This neurotransmitter is

responsible for your body’s fight or

flight response.

Adrenaline is produced by adrenal

glands located above your kidneys.

But the chemical messenger works

throughout the central nervous

system to ramp up your heart

rate and bring oxygen to your

muscles quickly.

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Serotonin

Take a break from your brain and shift your focus to your gut. Serotonin is an important brain chemical that does a lot of its work in your small intestine, too.

Serotonin in your digestive tract promotes feelings of satisfaction after eating and keeps your appetite in check. When a food you eat doesn’t sit well with your stomach, serotonin helps

your body get rid of it.

Rotten or spoiled foods can make you feel nauseous. That’s because serotonin kicks in when

you eat a potentially toxic food. It triggers your brain to make you feel queasy and helps your

bowel dispose of the food quickly.

In your brain serotonin works a bit differently. It has a lot of influence over your mood,

promoting feelings of wellbeing and happiness. Serotonin also helps you achieve more restful

sleep and sets your body’s internal clock.

A serotonin imbalance can happen. When the brain doesn’t produce enough serotonin, you

might experience a lower mood and sleeplessness. Confusion and brain fog may even set in.

On the other hand, too much serotonin coursing through your brain can be more dangerous.

Some illegal drugs cause your brain to dump all of its serotonin stores into the synapse at once.

This sudden spike in serotonin and later crash is called serotonin syndrome. It can create

paranoia, impair your judgement, and negatively impact your memory. So, safeguard your

brain’s supply of serotonin to maintain the delicate balance.

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Oxytocin

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Let’s debunk some myths about oxytocin. This neurotransmitter is

much more than the “love hormone.” It’s more than the cuddly

chemical messenger it’s been made out to be.

Oxytocin is a powerful neurotransmitter that affects many bodily

functions. Your brain makes oxytocin in the hypothalamus and

releases it via the pituitary gland to trigger responses all over the

body.

Oxytocin urges the walls of the uterus to contract when a woman

delivers her baby. This same chemical messenger fosters the bond

between mother and child immediately following birth. Oxytocin also

makes breastfeeding possible and stimulates the release of milk

from mammary glands.

Men, don’t feel left out—oxytocin plays a significant role in your

body, too. It helps your brain form strong connections of loyalty and

trust. This helps you create important relationships with friends and

family.

Be grateful for the chemical messenger the next time you interact

with the people you care about. Your body needs oxytocin for its

physical and social health— to live and love.

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Acetylcholine

It may be last on this list, but this neurotransmitter was the first discovered in the human body. Acetylcholine is unique because it directly affects your muscles.

Acetylcholine works at the neuro-muscular junction. That’s the point where your nervous system and muscles meet. When acetylcholine

is released from neurons, receptor proteins on muscle fibers take hold of it. Then the presence of acetylcholine triggers an action potential or command in the muscle fiber. But instead of sending signals to a brain cell, acetylcholine makes your muscle contract.

Every time you move your muscles, acetylcholine is in play. This can be voluntary

movements or unconscious ones like your heartbeat or the contractions of peristalsis that moves food through your digestive tract.

Muscle movements aren’t all acetylcholine does for you. Your brain’s learning and memory functions are also impacted by this important neurotransmitter.

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Emotions

Throughout the day, we experience a variety of emotions. For

the most part, these emotions are transient in nature.

However, when these emotions become intense or are

unremitting they can have very dramatic effects on our

behavior.

The depressive syndrome is an example of a state that is

characterized by unrelenting sadness accompanied by a

deficit in one’s ability to derive pleasure from positive

situations.

William James proposed one of the first theories of emotion

that attempted to relate experience of emotion to

physiological functions.

He tried to describe the human experience of emotion:

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The primary emotions are anger, fear, pleasure, sadness, and disgust. Emotions can be conceptualized in terms of their functional or adaptive (help us survive)

significance. Negative emotions such as anger and fear may promote avoidance or defensive behavior whereas the positive emotion of pleasure may facilitate ingestion, exploratory, sexual, or novel-seeking behavior. Thus, emotions and feelings may serve to achieve homeostasis or to facilitate adaptive behavior and equilibrium.

Emotions can be elicited by external stimuli. However, the stimuli must have relevance or motivational significance in order to guide appropriate, adaptive behavior. Is the stimulus good, bad, or neutral? Does it evoke anger, fear, or pleasure? What are its previous associations, what does it predict, what is an

appropriate reaction? This general concept of stimulus relevance is important in guiding behavior in many spheres: consummatory, sexual, reproductive, defensive, approach/avoidance and fight/flight.

Emotions

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We typically view emotions as primitive and

instinctive responses that are not associated with complex intellectual or cognitive functions. Certainly, key stimulus elements in the environment can trigger instinctive

emotional responses (imagine confronting a large, threatening animal).


However, cognitive-emotional interactions are extremely important in the elicitation of everyday emotions.

Emotions

In primates and humans, the brain has a striking

capacity to learn and remember the emotional

significance of diverse stimuli and events.

Furthermore, our cognitive capacity allows us to

assign emotional valence to stimuli, and to

change the value that was previously assigned to

a stimulus. For example, a child may be initially fearful of dogs, but through positive experiences

the child may eventually enjoy and approach

them.

As another example, imagine the emotions

associated with a new relationship. Initially,

seeing the person may evoke positive emotions of

desire and happiness. However, after a nasty

breakup, the same person could easily elicit

emotions of anxiety, tension, and anger.

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Limbic System

The limbic system was proposed to modulate the emotional quality of stimuli and support autonomic effector mechanisms associated with emotional states.

A key limbic structure that has a critical role in emotional expression is the amygdala. The amygdala has an important role in evaluating the emotional valence of stimuli.

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Limbic System

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It is important to note that an interaction exists between cortical brain regions and the limbic system. There are massive connections between cortical regions, particularly from the frontal and temporal lobes, to subcortical limbic structures. The implication of these connections is that complex sensory information processing occurring in the cortex can directly influence the limbic system.

Conversely, limbic processing can strongly influence higher-level cognitive integration occurring in the cortex. Disconnection in the transmission of information between the cortical and subcortical limbic structures can have dire consequences.

For example, patients with frontal lobe lesions show inappropriate emotional and social behavior in the absence of intellectual deficits. These patients might cry or laugh inappropriately, urinate in public, or use profanity.

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Neurobiology of Emotion

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The Neural Substrates of

Fear and Anxiety

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This class of emotion is elicited by threatening situations and it functions as an internal signal to alert the organism to potential danger. In response to

fear, individuals engage in defensive or protective acts that serve to

promote survival. These behaviors

include fleeing or withdra wing from a situation, freezing to

remain inconspicuous, or fighting.

Nature vs. Nurture

Fear behavior is essential for

survival and much of its

development appears to

be innate. In humans,

behavioral responses

associated with fear are

evident within the first

months of life. However, it

is not until sometime later

that infants display

fear reactions that are

selectively elicited by

unfamiliar situations. For

example, most infants go

through a period known as

stranger anxiety around one

year of age. At this time,

infants that once smiled

indiscriminately now begin

to act extremely wary in the

presence of strangers.

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The Amygdala: A key Structure Mediating Fear

Given the complexity of the mammalian brain, is it possible to localize emotional states of fear and anxiety to specific regions of the brain?

It turns out that a complex of related cells exists in the limbic system and appears to be involved in fear reactions and the learning of fear.

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There is increasing evidence to suggest that extrahypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) systems

play an important role in

the onset of fear and anxiety.

Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Systems in Fear and Anxiety

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Role of ​Carbon ​Dioxide

Carbon dioxide inhalation is capable ​of inducing panic symptoms in ​patients with panic disorder but not ​in normal subjects.

In the clinical laboratory, inhalation of 5% carbon dioxide was found to potentiate a rapid increase in ventilation before the panic (ventilation is mediated by receptors that sense carbon dioxide in the lungs, heart, and brain stem medulla).

These results have suggested that patients with panic disorder may have very sensitive brain stem carbon dioxide receptors, i.e., “suffocation alarm mechanisms.”

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Sadness and Negative Affect

Negative emotions and sadness are commonly elicited by situations associated ​with the loss of an important social relationship (death of a spouse) or object ​(loss of a home due to fire). Sadness is an internal state that signals the need for ​affiliation and functions to motivate individuals to seek supportive social ​relationships. As with fear and anxiety, this emotion is present from birth and ​when expressed early in life alerts the caregiver to meet the infant's needs.

Prolonged disruption of the maternal-infant bond can also have a profound ​impact on subsequent behavior. Newborn monkeys socially isolated from an ​early age would not interact with other monkeys. They would not play, fight, or ​show any sexual interest. Older monkeys subjected to comparable periods of ​social isolation failed to develop these behavioral alterations.

It appears that developmental, environmental, and biological interactions are ​important factors in determining the individual's emotional patterns of behavior.

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Clinical Correlates:

Alterations in Brain Monoamines are Associated with Depression

Although sadness is a transient emotional state, depression is a mood or syndrome characterized by thoughts of self-worthlessness, excessive guilt, death and/or suicide.


Physiological systems are also dramatically

altered during depression.


Patients with depression may have difficulty

concentrating on tasks and may suffer from

insomnia, altered appetite, decreased interest

in pleasurable activities, and fatigue.

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Lowered Brain Serotonin is Associated with Suicide

To summarize, disruption of brain serotonin (5-HT) and NE concentrations appear to contribute to the depressive syndrome. The hypothesis that depression is caused entirely by a reduction in monoamines is somewhat simplistic but provides a reasonable account of the pharmacological

efficacy of antidepressants.

Postmortem studies done a number of years ago revealed that brain stem levels (raphe nuclei; remember nucleus raphe magnus for SPA) of serotonin and its metabolite 5-HIAA are consistently reduced in suicide victims.

More recent studies confirm a link between depression and low serotonin activity.

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It is presently unclear why reduced brain serotonin function predisposes individuals to commit suicide. One hypothesis is that low brain 5-HT values produce an increase in

impulsive behavior.

Impulsivity refers to a

propensity to act without considering alternative options in a decision-making process.

Although impulsivity is not

synonymous with acting rapidly, impulsive individuals tend to act without time for reflection.

Lowered Brain Serotonin is Associated wi th Suicide

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